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Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Authors -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Environmental Measurements -- 1.1 Role of Measurement in Environmental Studies -- 1.1.1 Units of Measurement -- 1.1.2 Conversions between Units -- 1.1.3 Significant Figures -- 1.2 Pollutants: Sources and Measurements -- 1.2.1 Classes of Environmental Contaminants -- 1.2.1.1 Products of Combustion -- 1.2.1.2 Industrial Emissions -- 1.2.1.3 Other Sources of Environmental Contamination -- 1.2.2 Regulating the Environment -- 1.3 Design of Environmental Studies -- 1.3.1 Sampling and Analysis -- 1.4 Basic Statistical Data Handling -- 1.4.1 Errors in Quantitative Analysis -- 1.4.2 Statistics of Repeated Measurements: Precision -- 1.4.2.1 Precision and Standard Deviation -- 1.4.3 Distribution of Error -- 1.4.4 Confidence Interval and the t-Distribution -- 1.4.4.1 Estimation of Mean from Several Sets of Measurements -- 1.4.4.2 Estimation of Standard Deviation from Several Sets of Measurements -- 1.5 Significance Tests -- 1.5.1 Hypothesis Testing -- 1.5.1.1 Comparison between a Measured and a Known Value -- 1.5.1.2 Comparison of the Mean of Two Samples -- 1.5.1.3 Comparison of Standard Deviations Using the F-Test -- 1.5.2 Outliers -- 1.5.2.1 Rule of the Huge Error -- 1.5.2.2 Dixon Test for Rejection of Outliers -- 1.5.3 Reporting Data -- 1.6 Standards and Calibration -- 1.6.1 Calibration Methods -- 1.6.2 Standard Addition Method -- 1.7 Performance of Analytical Methods: Figures of Merit -- 1.7.1 Sensitivity -- 1.7.2 Detection Limit -- 1.7.3 Range of Quantitation -- 1.7.4 Validation of New Methods -- Study Questions -- Chapter 2: Environmental Sampling -- 2.1 The Sampling Plan -- 2.1.1 Spatial and Temporal Variability -- 2.1.2 Development of the Plan -- 2.1.3 Sampling Strategies -- 2.1.3.1 Systematic Sampling